![]() The wireless communication in WSNs can be either ad hoc (multi-hop) or single-hop wireless transmission. These WSNs provide flexibility in deployment and maintenance, exploit the ability of wireless networks to be deployed in highly dynamic environments and hence enable sensor networks to be potentially used in a wide range of civilian and military applications, including security surveillance (e.g., to alert of terrorist threats), environmental monitoring, habitat monitoring, hazard and disaster monitoring and relief operations, health field applications, and home applications (e.g., smart environments). Such sensor networks are referred to as wireless sensor networks (WSNs). These sensors can observe and respond to phenomena in the physical environment. With the emergence of integrated sensors embedded with wireless capability, most of current sensor networks consist of a collection of wirelessly interconnected sensors, each of which is embedded with sensing, computing and communication components. In its early stages, the development of sensor networks was mainly driven by military use, in which sensor nodes were wired together to provide battlefield surveillance.Įvolution of technologies has driven sensor networks away from their original appearance. The SOSUS was made up of an array of acoustic sensors that were interconnected by wired cables and were deployed by the US in deep ocean basins during the Cold War to detect and track Soviet submarines. It is recognized that the first obvious sensor network was the Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS). Sensor networks have a long history, which can be traced back as far as the 1950's. We aim to review extensively the existing results related to these topics, and stimulate new research. In particular, we are interested in maintaining connected WSNs and their connectivity related characteristics including sensor node placement, as well as the construction of a small connected relay set in WSNs. This survey provides an overview of wireless sensor network (WSN) connectivity, and discusses existing work that focuses on the connectivity issues in WSNs.
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